lesson7

Welcome to Lesson 7!

Learning Objectives

By the end of today's class, you should know...

What are the length() and substr() functions and how to do you call them on a string variable?
How do you make decisions in a computer program?
What is the syntax of an if statement?
What are the 6 relational operators and how do you use them in your if statements?
How do you write a program where there are exactly two alternatives?
How do you format a program with an if clause and an else clause

Announcements

Quiz 2 returned today
Quiz 3 next class

Review

With a partner, answer the following questions:

What will the following statements output to the console:

char letter1 = 67;

char letter2 = 111;

char letter3 = 108;

char punctuation = 33;

cout << letter1 << letter2 << letter2 << letter3 << punctuation;

Is the following statement legal? Why or why not?

cout << "39" + 2;

Now, alter the above statement to make it legal (several possible changes you could make).

Using string concatenation and the string variables below, declare a fourth string variable that contains the following:

Thank you for your order, Shinshin!

(Note: pay careful attention to the two punctuation marks in the previous sentence)

string grateful = "Thank you for your order";

string name = "Shinshin";

string punctuation = "!";

string message = ????????

Strings Continued

String Functions

Strings are a special type of variable called objects, which you will study in more detail in CIS 22B.
An object is a data type that can have functions associated with it
These functions are called member functions and are called using dot notation
The syntax for calling a member function of a string object is:
```
stringName.functionName(arguments)
```
Where:
- stringName: the name of the string variable
- functionName: the name of the member function
- arguments: the function input values, if any
Once you create a string variable, you can call (invoke) its member functions

Some Commonly-Used Functions

length(): Returns the number of characters in a string

string str = "Hello";
cout << "The number of characters is " << str.length()
     << ".\n";

substr(i, n): Returns a substring of length n starting at index i

string greeting = "Hello, World!\n";
string sub = greeting.substr(0, 4);
cout << sub << endl;

The position numbers in a string start at 0. The last character is always one less than the length of the string
H e l l o ,
W o r l d ! \n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
sub = greeting.substr(7, 5);
H e l l o ,
W o r l d ! \n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Remember: length() gives you the number characters in the string

However: Indexing starts at 0, so the last character is always at index length()-1

Example Using String Functions

Consider the problem of extracting the initials from a person's name
What would be an algorithm for solving this problem?
To implement this algorithm, we can use the string function substr()
The following program implements an algorithm for extracting the intials from a person's name
What other technique could you use to extract the initials?

Activity 7.1: My Name 2 (10pts)

Find a partner for pair programming.
Open up your name.cpp file from the last class and let's add to it.
Don't forget to include your partner's name in the block comment at the top of the program.
First, let's alter the program so that it prompts the user for his or her first and last names in a single prompt instead of two.

Please enter your first and last name:

Now, follow the prompt with two cin statements. One to input the first name and one to input the last name.

Alternately, you can write the above with a single cin statement that stores the input in the two separate first_name and last_name variables.
Keep the rest of the program the same. We are going to add to it.
Let's calculate the length of the user's first and last names and output the result to the console

cout << "The length of your first name is " << first_name.length() << " letters\n";

Now add a similar cout statement to display the length of the user's last name AND full name (remember the full_name variable)
Take a look at the sample output below. Notice that there is a mistake in the line in purple.

What is the cause of this mistake?
How can you fix this mistake so that the correct number of letters is displayed?

Next, let's return the user's initial's to them.
Let's declare a new string variable called initials that you place at the top of your program with the other variable declarations.

string initials;

Next, we are going to use the substr() function to extract the initials from the user's first and last names.
A person's initials are composed of the first letters of their first and last names.
Therefore, we need the letters at position 0 in the first_name and last_name variables.

initials = ??????? + ???????; //How do you call the substr() function to get the initials

Next, print the results to the console to display for the user.

cout << "Your initials are: " << initials << endl;

Submit your name.cpp program to Canvas.
Remember that both partners need to submit for full credit.

The output of your program should look like this:

Hi! I want to learn your name.
Please enter your first and last name: Jennifer Parrish
Nice to meet you Jennifer Parrish!
The length of your first name is 8 letters
The length of your last name is 7 letters
The length of your full name is 16 letters //Please fix this line before you submit
Your initials are: JP

Output of Hard-to-Print Characters

We have been using the << operator to output strings
```
string msg = "Hello Mom!";
cout << msg << endl;
```
However, some characters are more difficult to output than others
For example, what would the compiler do with the following statement?
```
cout << "Say, "Hey!"" << endl;
```
Some characters cannot be output directly in a string
Also, the first 32 ASCII characters are not visible on our monitors
- Known as control characters because they control the output device
Even though these characters are not visible, we sometimes need to use them
- For example, a newline character
We need some way to "print" invisible and hard-to-print characters

Escape Sequences

C++ can access control codes and hard-to-print characters using escape sequences
Backslash (\) directly in front of a certain character tells the compiler to escape from the normal interpretation
The following table has some nonprinting and hard-to-print characters:

Sequence Meaning
\a Alert (sound alert noise)
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\\ Backslash
\' Single quote
\" Double quote
\ooo ASCII character in octal notation
\xhhh ASCII character in hexadecimal notation

Some examples:

cout << '\a' << endl; // alert
cout << '\n' << endl;
cout << "Left \t Right" << endl;
cout << "one\ntwo\nthree" << endl;

Introducing If Statements

If statements allow us to have a decision point within a program

Based on the outcome of this decision, a certain set of statements may or may not execute

To better understand the importance of if statements, let's write a program both with and without if statements to see the difference.
We will start by writing the program without if statements
Later in the class, we will improve this program dramatically!

Teaching Computers to Make Decisions

Flow of control (or control flow) refers to the order in which programs execute instructions
By default, code executes sequentially: one statement after another from top to bottom in a function like main()
Sometimes we want to change this sequential flow
One change we can make is a using a selection statement, also known as a conditional statement
A selection statement contains code that executes statements only if a test condition evaluates to true

For example:

if (7 == guess) {
    cout << "*** Correct! ***" << endl;
}

In the above, the (7 == guess) is a test that the 7 is equal to the value of guess

Video: Bill Gates explains If statements

The Value of a Relationship

Before we discuss if-statements we need to talk about relationships
A relationship is a way to compare two numbers or other entities
For example:

The above example is called a relational expression
A relational expression uses a relational operator to compare two entities like numbers or variables
We have used relational operators in algebra, and C++ relationships are similar
The following table shows the relational operators of C++

Relational Operators

Math	Name	C++	Examples	Result	Notes
=	Equal to	`==`	`5 == 10 2 == 2`	false true	Do not confuse with = which is assignment.
≠	Not equal to	`!=`	`5 != 10 2 != 2`	true false	The ! is like the line that "crosses through" the equal sign.
<	Less than	`<`	`5 < 10 5 < 5 5 < 2`	true false false
≤	Less than or equal to	`<=`	`5 <= 10 5 <= 5 5 <= 2`	true true false	Be careful not to write `=<`. Code the symbols in the order people normally say them.
>	Greater than	`>`	`5 > 10 5 > 5 5 > 2`	false false true
≥	Greater than or equal to	`>=`	`5 >= 10 5 >= 5 5 >= 2`	false true true	Be careful not to write `=>`. Code the symbols in the order people normally say them.

Using `if` Statements

The simplest control-flow statement is an if statement
We use an if statement to select whether or not to execute a set of statements
An if statement has two parts: a test and a body
The body can have zero or more statements
The statements in the body execute if and only if the test evaluates to true
If the test condition evaluates to false, the computer skips the code

Syntax:

if (test) {
   statement1
   statement2
   ...
}

Where:
- test: the test condition to evaluate
- statementX: the statements to execute depending on the test

Flow Chart for an "if statement"

If Statement Flowchart

For example:

if (7 == guess) {
    cout << "*** Correct! ***" << endl;
}

For clarity:
- Write the if on a different line than the executed block
- Indent statements 3-4 spaces within the curly braces
You can see an example of an if statement in the following example

Example Program With an `if` Statement

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;


int main() {
    int guess = 0;
    cout << "I'm thinking of a number between"
         << " 1 and 10.\nCan you guess it?\n\n"
         << "Enter your guess: ";
    cin >> guess;

    if (7 == guess) {
        cout << "*** Correct! ***" << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

About those Curly Braces

Technically, the if statement affects only the single statement that follows
We use curly braces to make that one statement into a block of statements
This allows us to put any number of statements within the body
Curly braces are not always required, but the best practice is to always include them

Incorrect curly braces:

int main()
{
   int x = 3;
   if(x < 5)
   {
   cout << x; //NO!! You need to indent twice. Statement inside 2 sets of curly braces.
   }
}

Correct curly braces:

int main()
{
   int x = 3;
   if(x < 5)
   {
       cout << x; //Yes!! Indent twice. Statement inside 2 sets of curly braces
   }
}

Which type of programmer are you?

Image: There are two types of programmers: One type places the curly braces of the if statement each on their own line and one type of programmer places the opening curly brace on the same line as the if and test condition.

Group Activity: Is Your Number Even?

One of the principle uses of the modulus operator is determine whether a number is even or odd.
What is the difference between an even and odd number?
How can we use division to figure out if a number is even or odd?
Let's write a program to test a number to determine whether it is even or odd.
Open up Eclipse and create a new project called Even with a file called even.cpp.
At the top of your program, add a block comment with your names and section information:

* Name 1

* Name 2

* Section Info

Create your main function, and include any libraries and the standard namespace.

Now, between the curly braces of main declare an integer variable named testNum. Then declare a second integer variable to store the remainder. Call this variable remainder.

int testNum;

int remainder;

Next, let's add a cout statement to welcome the user to our program and explain its objective.

cout << "Welcome! Enter a number and I will tell you whether it is even\n\n";

Run your program to verify it is working properly. If not, ask the instructor or another student for help.
Let's prompt the user to enter a whole number.

cout << "Please enter a whole number: ";

Next, we need to capture the user input and store it in the testNum variable. Add a cin statement to your program.

cin >> testNum;

Now, we will get a chance to try out the modulus operator! Add the following statement to your program.

remainder = testNum % 2; //pronounced testNum "mod" two

What does the above statement do?
Below the line where you calculate the remainder, add the following if statement to determine whether the number is even, and, if so, report your result to the user.

if (remainder == 0 ) {

cout << testNum << " is even.\n";

}

Run your code and test your program. What do you think? Is this program satisfactory?
Hold onto this program. We will improve upon it in a second.

Using `if-else` Statements

Sometimes we want to choose between two actions
If a condition is true
- then do this
Otherwise it is false
- so do something else
To make this type of selection we use an if...else statement

Syntax:

if (test) {
   statements1
} else {
   statements2
}

Where:
- test: the test condition to evaluate
- statementsX: the statements to execute depending on the test

C++ if...else statement

(from http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_if_else_statement.htm)

For example:

if (7 == guess) {
    cout << "*** Correct! ***\n";
} else {
    cout << "Sorry, that is not correct.\n";
    cout << "Try again.\n";
}

****Note that there is no test condition for the else clause****
The decision on which set of statements to use depends on only one condition

Note that you could write an if-else as a pair of complementary if statements instead, like:

if (7 == guess) {
    cout << "*** Correct! ***\n";
}
if (7 != guess) {
    cout << "Sorry, that is not correct.\n";
    cout << "Try again.\n";
}

However, it is easier and clearer to write an if-else statement instead
For clarity, write the if and else parts on different lines than the other statements
Also, indent the other statements
You can see an example of an if-else statement in the following example

Example Program With an `if-else` Statement

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;


int main() {
    int guess = 0;
    cout << "I'm thinking of a number between"
         << " 1 and 10.\nCan you guess it?\n\n"
         << "Enter your guess: ";
    cin >> guess;

    if (7 == guess) {
        cout << "*** Correct! ***\n";
    } else {
        cout << "Sorry, that is not correct.\n";
        cout << "Try again.\n";
    }
    return 0;
}

Activity 7.2: Is Your Number Even or Odd? (10pts)

Open up your program from the prior activity: Is Your Number Even?
Now add an else clause to display when the number is odd.
When your program is able to display both options (even and odd), submit it to Canvas.
Both partners need to submit for full credit.

Wrap Up

With a partner, answer the following questions:

Write a cout statement to print the following message to the console: Sure! I'll do it. <tab> I "love" boring, repetitive tasks!
Find the mistake in the statements below. What will happen when the code is run?

number = 2;
if (number = 7)

cout << number;

Upcoming Assignments

Assignment 7 due Monday at 9:20pm on Canvas
Lab 4 due Friday at midnight
Quiz 3 next class

~Have a Great Weekend!~

Strings Continued

String Functions

Some Commonly-Used Functions

Remember: length() gives you the number characters in the string

However: Indexing starts at 0, so the last character is always at index length()-1

Example Using String Functions

Escape Sequences

Introducing If Statements

Teaching Computers to Make Decisions

Video: Bill Gates explains If statements

The Value of a Relationship

Relational Operators

Using if Statements

Example Program With an if Statement

About those Curly Braces

Using if-else Statements

Example Program With an if-else Statement

Using `if` Statements

Example Program With an `if` Statement

Using `if-else` Statements

Example Program With an `if-else` Statement